Literature: This passage should be read as graphic examples of reversals, not as elements of Yahweh’s victory. His means of conquering the world would never require such viciousness. The rich and powerful of Isaiah’s day used armies who employed such tactics, but the Messiah’s coming will reverse their fortunes. They will suffer the same fate that they have inflicted on others. The righteous have often been victims; now they will triumph over their former conquerors.